近日，美国各地出现严重的婴儿配方奶粉短缺问题。5月22日，纽约市宣布因婴幼儿配方奶粉短缺进入紧急状态。同日，美国空军运输机从欧洲运来的首批婴幼儿配方奶粉运抵美国。
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5月13日，在美国弗吉尼亚州，一家超市的婴幼儿配方奶粉货架出现大面积缺货。新华社记者刘杰摄
奶粉在美国“一罐难求”
价格飙升，库存奇缺，美国“奶粉荒”持续发酵。不少美国家长因为买不到配方奶粉感到十分焦虑，甚至有的家长为了给孩子抢一罐奶粉，在超市里与人吵得不可开交。还有一名家长在社交媒体上发布了因抢购奶粉在超市与人发生争执的视频。
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图源：央视网
美国一对新生儿父母近日接受CNN采访时表示，由于孩子的母亲长期服用药物，所以不能用母乳喂养孩子，婴儿配方奶粉短缺的情况让他们感到恐慌。
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图源：CNN
“（生完孩子）回家正是该庆祝的时候，可我们在庆祝的同时，也感到恐慌，这确实不是一个理想的状况，可以说是糟透了。”
“We came home and it's supposed to be a time of celebration, you know, and it's just -- and it has been, but it's still celebration/panic. And that's kind of not really the ideal situation you want to bring it, you know, a newborn into is that the way of chaos.”
据CNN援引零售软件公司Datasembly数据称，在2021年上半年，全美婴儿配方奶粉的缺货率徘徊在2%至8%之间，但从去年7月开始，这一数据急剧上升，到了2021年11月至2022年4月初，全美配方奶粉的缺货率已跃升至31%。
而在4月份的短短后三周内，婴儿配方奶粉缺货率再次上升了9个百分点，目前为40%。一些州短缺情况更严重，据Datasembly表示，在艾奥瓦州、南达科他州、北达科他州、密苏里州、得克萨斯州和田纳西州，从4月24日开始的一周内，超过一半的婴儿配方奶粉全部售罄。
CNN称，截至4月初，有7个州40-50%的婴儿配方奶粉缺货，但目前，有26个州正面临供应困难问题。
The out-of-stock rate for baby formula hovered between 2% and 8% in the first half of 2021, but began rising sharply last July. Between November 2021 and early April 2022, the out-of-stock rate jumped to 31%, data from Datasembly showed.
That rate increased another 9 percentage points in just three weeks in April, and now stands at 40%, the statistics show. In six states — Iowa, South Dakota, North Dakota, Missouri, Texas and Tennessee — more than half of baby formula was completely sold out during the week starting April 24, Datasembly said.
And although seven states had between 40-50% of baby formula products out of stock as of early April, 26 states are now struggling with supply.
今年2月，美国最大奶粉供应商雅培公司因产品安全问题召回数款婴幼儿配方奶粉、涉事工厂停产，令“奶粉荒”雪上加霜。
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5月13日，在美国加利福尼亚州罗斯米德，一名女子冲泡婴幼儿配方奶粉。新华社发（曾慧摄）
The shortage has been exacerbated by the Food and Drug Administration’s shutdown of an Abbott Nutrition facility in Sturgis, Michigan. Abbott is a major producer of baby formula.
In February, the US Food and Drug Administration recalled three brands of powdered baby formulas made by the company due to potential bacterial infections, including Salmonella.
拜登授权用军机运输奶粉
据CNBC报道，当地时间5月18日，美国总统拜登宣布启动《国防生产法》以加快婴儿配方奶粉的生产，解决其目前存在的短缺问题。
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图源：CNBC报道截图
据报道，此举意味着联邦政府可以迫使下游厂商优先生产婴儿配方奶粉所需的原材料。此外，拜登还启动了一个项目，可以动用军用飞机来运输其他国家生产的婴儿配方奶粉。
The Defense Production Act gives the US president broad authority to require companies to prioritize the manufacture and allocation of goods in response to a crisis.
Biden has also directed the Health and Human Services Department and Department of Agriculture to use aircraft from the Defense Department to pick up infant formula from overseas that meets U.S. health and safety standards.
NBC报道称，5月22日，美国空军运输机从欧洲运来的首批婴幼儿配方奶粉运抵美国。
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图源：NBC报道截图
美国农业部长托马斯·维尔萨克表示这批奶粉面向部分儿童，即那些摄入常规配方奶粉会出现过敏症状的儿童，且只够9000名婴儿和1.8万名幼儿喝一周。
US Agriculture Secretary Thomas Vilsack greeted the arrival of a military aircraft carrying about 78,000 pounds of formula flown in from Germany in what the government has dubbed Operation Fly Formula.
This shipment contains specialized formula for children with allergies who can't take regular formula, and there's enough to provide for 9,000 babies and 18,000 toddlers for one week, Vilsack told reporters in Indianapolis after the plane landed.
纽约市进入紧急状态
当地时间22日，美国纽约市市长埃里克·亚当斯签署紧急行政令，宣布该市因婴儿配方奶粉供应短缺而进入紧急状态。
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图源：纽约市政府官网截图
该行政令援引纽约地方法规，要求纽约市的婴儿配方奶粉销售价格保持稳定，并授权该市消费者保护部门防止市场出现炒高奶粉价格的欺诈行为。
New York City, the most populous city in the United States, has entered into a state of emergency due to the shortage of infant formula supply in the country.
Eric Adams, the mayor, signed an emergency executive order on Sunday empowering the city's Department of Consumer and Worker Protection to prevent price gouging for infant formula.
The emergency executive order will help authorities to crack down on any retailer looking to capitalize on this formula supply crisis by jacking up prices on this essential good, said Adams.
5月16日，雅培与美国食品和药物管理局达成初步复产协议，停产的密歇根州工厂有望在两周内恢复生产，并在八周内将产品运输至全美各地。
Abbott reached an agreement with the Food and Drug Administration on May 16 to reopen the plant under conditions subject to enforcement by a federal court. Those conditions include hiring independent experts to ensure that the plant meets U.S. food safety standards.
Abbott said it would take about two weeks to reopen the Michigan facility, subject to FDA approval, and up to eight weeks for products to arrive in stores across the country.
FDA遭质疑
据《今日美国报》网站5月25日报道，美国食品和药物管理局(FDA)局长罗伯特·卡里夫当天承认，该局在应对婴儿配方奶粉短缺问题上行动“过于迟缓”。
报道称，众院负责监督和调查的能源和商业小组委员会主席、代表科罗拉多州的民主党众议员戴安娜·德杰特说，雅培公司的召回事件使美国的供应短缺“急剧恶化”，但她也把责任归咎于FDA，指责该局反应迟缓，与公众的沟通不畅。
Food and Drug Administration Commissioner Dr. Robert Califf admitted Wednesday that the agency has been "too slow" in responding to the baby formula shortage.
Califf and other FDA officials were excoriated as they testified before a frustrated panel of lawmakers on the House Energy & Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations.
"Babies and children are suffering," Rep. Diana DeGette, D-Colo., said in her opening remarks as chair of the committee.
The Abbott recall turned the U.S. shortage "into a tailspin," she said, but she also laid blame with the FDA, criticizing the agency for a slow response and slower communication to the public.
综合来源：新华社 央视新闻 中国新闻社 观察者网 参考消息 CNN NBC CNBC USA Today
